引黄灌区不同尺度农田土壤重金属空间分布及污染评价：以银川市兴庆区为例

确定农田土壤重金属分布及其污染状况,对于评价农业生态环境质量、保障食品安全和人类健康都具有重要作用.以宁夏引黄灌区农田土壤为研究对象,在10 m(L尺度)和1 m(M尺度)两种尺度上网格取样,共取耕层土样(0~20 cm)223个,利用经典统计和地统计相结合的方法对土壤铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)的空间变异性进行研究,并利用单因子指数(Pi)和内梅罗综合指数(P综)评价土壤重金属的污染程度.结果表明,两种尺度下,Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb均属中等变异性,其变异系数(CV)顺序为:Cd>Pb>Cr>Zn>Cu.地统计分析表明,L尺度下Cd和M尺度下Pb块金系数为100%,表现为纯块金效应,主要受随机因素影响,具较弱的空间相关性.其它重金属元素在两种尺度下块金系数均小于25%,说明主要受结构性因素的影响,具有强烈的空间相关性.结合Pi和P综值可知,两种尺度下除了Cu外,其它4种重金属元素出现轻度污染的样点数较多,表明研究区已出现重金属富集的趋势.     

Optimal nonpoint source pollution control strategies for a reservoir watershed in Taiwan

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for optimal nonpoint source pollution control for the Fei-Tsui Reservoir watershed in Northern Taiwan. Several structural best management practices (BMPs) are selected to treat stormwater runoff. The complete model consists of two interacting components: an optimization model based on discrete differential dynamic programming (DDDP) and a zero-dimensional reservoir water quality model. A predefined procedure is used to locate suitable sites for construction of various selected BMPs in the watershed. In the optimization model, the objective function is to find the best combination of BMP type and placement, which minimizes the total construction and operation, maintenance, and repair (OMR) costs of the BMPs. The constraints are the water quality standards for total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in the reservoir. A zero-dimensional reservoir water quality model of the Vollenweider type is embedded in the optimization framework to simulate pollutant concentrations in Fei-Tsui Reservoir. The resulting optimal cost and benefit of water quality improvement are depicted by the model-derived trade-off curves. The modeling framework developed in the present study could be used as an efficient tool for planning a watershed-wide implementation of BMPs for mitigating stormwater pollution impact on the receiving water bodies.     

从溶解氧含量变化分析博斯腾湖水质现状

通过对博斯腾湖2002 - 2006年水质溶解氧含量变化的分析研究,得出博斯腾湖水位下降,水质溶解氧含量呈下降趋势,博斯腾湖的部分区域有富营养化的趋势的结论.并提出合理调配用水量、在湖周边保持适量的湿地、利用外力加速水质的循环等对策和建议.     

分子生物学技术在污水处理微生物检测中的应用

对现代分子生物学技术在污水生物处理系统微生物检测和群落分析中的应用进行了系统总结,重点对应用较多的PCR技术、FLSH技术进行了介绍并对其优缺点进行了探讨.通过对生物处理系统中微生物检测和生态学研究,可以分析确定系统中功能微生物的数量,群体结构和活性,从而实现构建人工强化生态系统,提高废水生物处理效率的目的.分析认为,以DNA序列和相关的结构基因为基础的分子生物学技术已经在污水生物处理系统的种群分析方面得到了广泛和成功的应用,而且必将会对深入认识和优化污水生物处理过程,加快新工艺的开发和应用以及强化处理工艺的过程控制方面起到更大的作用.     

Political ideology and views about climate change in the European Union

There is a strong political divide on climate change in the US general public, with Liberals and Democrats expressing greater belief in and concern about climate change than Conservatives and Republicans. Recent studies find a similar though less pronounced divide in other countries. Its leadership in international climate policy making warrants extending this line of research to the European Union (EU). The extent of a left–right ideological divide on climate change views is examined via Eurobarometer survey data on the publics of 25 EU countries before the 2008 global financial crisis, the 2009 ‘climategate’ controversy and COP-15 in Copenhagen, and an increase in organized climate change denial campaigns. Citizens on the left consistently reported stronger belief in climate change and support for action to mitigate it than did citizens on the right in 14 Western European countries. There was no such ideological divide in 11 former Communist countries, likely due to the low political salience of climate change and the differing meaning of left–right identification in these countries.     

汾渭平原复杂地形影响下冬季PM2.5污染分布特征、来源及成因分析

汾渭平原受其复杂地形特征及产业结构影响,和京津冀、长三角地区一起被列为大气污染重点防治区域.本研究应用2014—2019年冬季中国环境监测总站汾渭平原各城市的六大空气污染物逐小时数据,结合欧洲中心ERA-5数据,利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型及T-model斜交旋转主成分分析法（PCT）,揭示过去6年汾渭平原冬季颗粒物浓度演变规律,厘清汾渭平原复杂地形影响下大气污染来源特征、潜在源区及成因,识别影响汾渭平原冬季空气污染的主要天气系统类型.HYSPLIT模拟结果表明,冬季喇叭口地形城市主要受本地和邻近区域污染源影响;山区盆地地形城市更易受到100~300 km距离以内污染源的传输影响,其中,来自陕北的气团对其影响最大;峡谷地形城市更易受到300~600 km范围内污染源的传输影响;平原地形城市的污染物浓度受区域传输的影响较大.影响汾渭平原冬季颗粒物重污染的天气系统可分为高压前部型、高压后部型、均压场型及低压倒槽型,其中,高压前部型是汾渭平原冬季重污染时段最易出现的天气形势.     

Vertical response of microbial community and degrading genes to petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in saline alkaline soil

A column microcosm was conducted by amending crude oil into Dagang Oilfield soil to simulate the bioremediation process. The dynamic change of microbial communities and metabolic genes in vertical depth soil from 0 to 80 cm were characterized to evaluate the petroleum degradation potential of indigenous microorganism. The influence of environmental variables on the microbial responds to petroleum contamination were analyzed. Degradation extent of 42.45% of n-alkanes(C8–C40) and 34.61% of 16ΣPAH were reached after 22 weeks. Relative abundance of alkB, nah, and phe gene showed about 10-fold increment in different depth of soil layers. Result of HTS profiles demonstrated that Pseudomonas, Marinobacter and Lactococcus were the major petroleum-degrading bacteria in0–30 and 30–60 cm depth of soils. Fusarium and Aspergillus were the dominant oil-degrading fungi in the 0–60 cm depth of soils. In 60–80 cm deep soil, anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroidetes, Lactococcus, and Alcanivorax played important roles in petroleum degradation.Redundancy analysis(RDA) and correlation analysis demonstrated that petroleum hydrocarbons(PHs) as well as soil salinity, clay content, and anaerobic conditions were the dominant effect factors on microbial community compositions in 0–30, 30–60, and 60–80 cm depth of soils, respectively.     

Adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide

Sodium pyrophosphate （pyro-P, Na4P2OT）, sodium tripolyphosphate （tripoly-P, Na3P3O10）, and sodium hexametaphosphate （meta-P, （NaPO3）6） were selected as the model compounds of condensed phosphate to investigate the adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. The adsorption was found to be endothermic and divisible into two stages： （1） fast adsorption within 1 h; and （2） slow adsorption between 1 and 24 h. The modified Freundlich model simulated the fast adsorption stage well; the slow adsorption stage was described well by the first-order kinetics. The activation energies of pyro-P, tripoly-P, and meta-P adsorption on aluminum hydroxide were determined to be 20.2, 22.8 and 10.9 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the fast adsorption stage and to be 66.3, 53.5 and 72.5 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the slow adsorption stage. The adsorption increased the negative charge of the aluminum hydroxide surface. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis analyses provided evidence that the adsorption was not uniform on the surface and that the small crystals contributed more to the fast adsorption than the normal sites did. The results from X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests also revealed the uneven adsorption of condensed phosphate as a function of the penetration depth. More condensed phosphates were adsorbed on the outer surface of aluminum hydroxide than in its inner parts.     

山东单县浅层高氟高碘地下水的水化学特征及成因分析

氟和碘作为人体必需的微量元素,过少或过多摄入都会影响人身健康,相较于缺氟、缺碘,高氟高碘地下水对人体的危害更加难以控制。该研究选择单县作为典型的水源型高氟高碘地区,通过对浅层高氟高碘地下水进行采样测试,采用箱线图、Piper图及双变量相关性分析等多元统计技术剖析了该区域浅层地下水的水环境特征;采用R型因子分析揭示了水化学成分之间的相互关系,探讨了该区浅层高氟高碘地下水的成因。结果表明:①单县浅层地下水中的氟化物和碘化物的质量浓度均值分别为1.2 mg/L和391 μg/L。②随着氟化物浓度的增加,水化学类型偏向于向HCO₃-Na型和HCO₃-Na·Mg型集中,而随着碘化物浓度的增加,水化学类型则倾向于以HCO₃-Na·Mg为主。③该区域强烈的蒸发浓缩作用是控制单县浅层地下水化学成分的最重要因子;萤石平衡控制作用是控制单县浅层地下水高氟背景的因子;水-有机沉积物相互作用是控制单县浅层地下水高碘背景的因子。     

基于下垫面遥感资料的海河流域水文类型分区划分

以海河流域为研究对象,根据1956—2005年的年降雨量和水面蒸发资料、DEM、土地利用、土壤和植被覆盖遥感图,提取了反映下垫面条件和气候特征的物理因子,并以此作为分区指标,以子流域为划分单元,依据下垫面条件和气候因子的相似性和差异性,采用地理信息系统和多元统计分析的方法,将海河流域内1 399个子流域划分7类水文类型分区(HTR),并分析了各水文类型分区的空间分布特征及产汇流机制。其中HTR1、HTR2和HTR4位于平原地区,土地利用类型以耕地为主,其他水文类型分区位于山区和丘陵区。HTR1耕地面积比例最大;HTR2土壤透水性最差,易产生超渗地表径流;HTR3土壤透水性最好,易产生地下径流和壤中流;HTR4年蒸发量较大,年降雨量较小,气候最干旱;HTR5和HTR6土地利用类型分别以草地和林地为主;HTR7年降雨量较大,年蒸发量较小,气候最湿润。分区成果明确地反映了流域的下垫面情况及气候条件,分区结果与流域的地形地貌非常吻合,也反映了流域水文特征的分布规律。通过分析水文类型分区内典型流域的下垫面和气候情况以及水文特征,阐述了分区结果的准确性及合理性,为海河流域水文特征的研究及水资源评价提供了依据。